Elements of Drama
1) Act – a major division in a play.
2) Scene – a dramatic sequence that takes place within a single locale (or setting) on stage. Scenes often serve as a subdivision of an act with a play.
3) Exposition – the first stage of a fictional or dramatic plot, where necessary background information is provided.
4) Conflict- a struggle between opposing forces in a story or play, usually resolved by the end of the work.
5) Complication- an intensification of the conflict in a story or play. Complication builds up, accumulates and develops the primary or central conflict in a literary work.
6) Climax – the turning point of the action in the plot of a play or story. The climax represents the point of greatest tension in the work.
7) Denouement – the resolution of the plot of a literary work.
8) Peripeteia- the sudden reversal of fortune in a story, play or any narrative in which there is a observable change in direction.
9) Characterization- the means by which writers present and reveal character.
10) Protagonist - the main character of literary work.
11) Antagonist – a character of force against which another character struggles.
12) Main plot – the pattern of events or main story in a narrative or drama.
13) Subplot – a subsidiary or subordinate or parallel plot in a play or story that coexist with the main plot.
Forms of Drama
1) Comedy – a type of drama in which the characters experience reversals of fortune, usually for the better. In comedy, things work out happily in the end.
2) History – is a type of drama in which characters take part in, influence, or witness real historical events and interact with historical figures from the past.
3) Tragedy- a type of drama in which the characters experience reversals of fortune, usually for the worse. In tragedy suffering and catastrophe await many of the characters, especially the hero.
4) Romance – is the kind of drama whose aim is to present a tale or history in scenes, and whose plays are stories told in dialogue by actors on the stage.
5) Tragi-comedy- is fictional work that blends aspects of tragedy and comedy. It referred to a serious play with either a happy ending or enough jokes throughout the play to lighten the mood.
6) Theatre of the absurd- is a theatrical style originations in France. It relies heavily on philosophy and is a category for plays
7) Satire- a literary work the criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities and follies.
8) Farce – farce is a sub0 category of comedy, characterized by greatly exaggerated characters and situations. Characters tend to be one- dimensional and often follow stereotypical behaviour. Farces typically involve mistaken identities, lots of physical comedy and outrageous plot twists.
9) Modern drama- is the western development of drama begining in the 19th century
10) Melodrama- melodrama is another type of exaggerated drama. As in farce, the characters tend to be simplified and one dimensional. The storyline of the classic melodrama typically involves a villain, a heroine, and a hero who must rescue the heroine from the villain.
Features of drama
1. Monologue – a form of dramatic entertainment, comedic solo, or the like by a single speaker.
2. Dialogue - The conversation between characters in a novel, drama etc.
3. Soliloquy- an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself or herself or is disregardful of out oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in drama to disclose a character’s innermost thoughts).
4. Aside- on or to one side- a part of an actor’s lines supposedly not heard by others on the stage and intended only for the audience.
5. Set- the time, place and circumstances in which a narrative, drama, or film takes place.
6. Stage directions – an instruction to an actor or director, written into the script of play.
7. Chorus-a group of characters who comment on the action of a play without participation in the play.
8. Dramatic Unities- the three unites of time, place, and action observed in classical drama .
9. Disguise- to modify the manner or appearance of in order to prevent recognition.
Literary Devices
1. Imagery- the formation of mental images, figures or likenesses of things, or of such images collectively.
2. Motif- any recurring element in a story that has symbolic significance.
3. Symbolism- the practice of representing things by symbols, or of investing things with a symbolic meaning or character.
4. Dramatic Irony- dramatic irony is when the words and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters.
5. Tragic irony- the use of dramatic irony in a tragedy, so that the audience is aware that a character’s words or actions will bring about a tragic or fatal result, while the character himself is not.
6. Juxtaposition- is the placement of two things (usually abstract concepts, though it can refer to physical objects) near each other.
Literary Context
1. Social- is the indirect and direct influence individuals are in constant communication and within involvement of by means as role player or participants; the environment of people that surrounds something’s creation or intended audience, reflects how the people around something use and interpret it, and influences how something is viewed.
2. Historical- refers to the moods, attitudes and conditions that existed in a certain time; historical context is the political, social, cultural, and economic setting for a particular idea or event.
3. Political- refers to the disposition of decision- makers surrounding an event or idea.
4. Religious-is the setting of a divine background of particular scene in the play/novel.
5. Ethnic- is the ethical background of the characters in the play
6. Moral- is the philosophical quality of the story.
7. Intellectual-adds educational background to the protagonist in the play
8. Cultural- the layers of cultures that influence our communication in any given interaction; this refers to thoughts, opinions and feelings that result from experiences.
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