Question 1 - Have you ever been betrayed?
Answer- Yes
Example- Betrayal is something which I faced pretty often as an adolescent.”Faced” is used rather loosely because my mind was still developing and commonsense wasn’t used as it should have been used.

                In 3^rd form, I was betrayed by two girls I still consider “my friends”. We were supposed to be going to the movies to celebrate one of their birthdays. Apparently they had other plans, to meet their boyfriends and skipped the movies. I was not aware of their plans so I was a bit skeptical. Being immature person that I was, I agreed to skipping the movies because it was friend “A”’s birthday and I didn’t want to me the “party pooper” so I went along with it. The plan was to meet the guys at big banana to hang-out.so we took a cool walk down to big B upon arriving, there was the mother of friend “A” coming out if Big Banana. Obviously the mother was shocked to see us there, when she was the person who dropped us at the movies. Friend “A” facial expression changed completely since she was the one leading us to our destination, sadly it was too late to turn around without being seen and the evening hang-out ending right there and then. After reaching home my mother was surprised to see me back so soon, but I don’t know why I didn’t explained what happen to her. Monday morning it was school again and I was eager to ask friend “A” what her mother said. I entered class and the worse type of feeling it me (the one you get when someone was just talking about you). After getting avoided my my two “friends” all day I was completely puzzled, I tried to ask but they avoided me like if I did something wrong. School ended and I went straight home because my mother called me and ask me to, upon arriving there was the mother of friend “A” in my house talking to my mother. My mother looked rather upset, she explained to me that she is disappointed in me and she do not know where am getting all this negative attitude from lately (I was completely lost).he goes on to explain that my friends said I was the one who encouraged them to skip the movies do I can go and meet my boyfriend at Big Banana; I was so lost and I felt like is I was in a court room and a judge was delivering my faith. I had to explain to my mother the full story, the truthful story. Eventually everything worked out but I never spoke or heard from those two young ladies again since they tried to frame me to protect themselves from getting in problem.

Question 2-Have you ever felt betrayed and misunderstood the situation.

Answer - yes

Example- 

Question 3 - why do Shakespeare characters always seen to resort to violence, trickery and evilness?

Answer- Being a literature student, plenty of William Shakespeare's plays have been examined and familiar themes such as violence, trickery and evilness made itself known. some plays that portray this are "Romeo and Juliet", Macbeth", and Merchant of Venice".These themes become exposed because of the time period in which these plays were written, when violence, trickery and evilness were common ways of life for certain people. Underneath the concrete elements of character, plot and theme there are very complex and unique ideas and images.Many of Shakespeare's fans packed theatres to see plays of with scenes of treachery and murder just for example, it was not only common themes but were the themes that would grasp the attention of viewers and readers alike because everyone loves some sort of "drama" in their read so this can be seen as a money making avenue for Shakespeare as well that is why those themes were constantly reused.

Throughout one of Shakespeare's more established plays, Romeo and Juliet, many images are evoked through the playwright's skill. One of the key ones being the violence that is in Verona. Shakespeare produces unbelievable visions of violence in the world, through what happens in the play.  A few main violent images brought about by the work is that it is unfair, universal, and overpowering, yet it also ultimately serves as a sense of hope and rebirth.

    In Verona, the feud between the Capulets and Montagues rules seemingly over love, over justice, in an almost unfair manner.  The image of violence being so unfair exists prominently in the deaths of so many of the cast.  We see the two obvious images of the tragic death brought on by violence, in the two lovers Romeo and Juliet.  Their young, pure lives are brought to a despicable end through the violence around them.  Had this whole bloody feud between the Capulets and Montagues never of been so great, then they would have been able to marry in peace and happiness, instead of doing all that they could, but only to end up dead together in Juliet's tomb.
       Without the unfairness, omnipresence, and power that Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet's violence incorporates, the play itself may had not as turned out so effective.  Imagine if diplomatic measures were taken to try and cease the feud between rival families, and the fuel behind the characters' actions were just not as strong.  However, the conflict’s closure through the violent ends of Romeo and Juliet tie the play up well, in that it also shows that from all this violence it also serves as an image of hope and rebirth.  Shakespeare strengthens the intensity and interest we take in viewing or reading the work, and helps to portray the themes and lessons to be derived from doing so.


                   Winter's Tale historical Background

The Winter’s Tale is a play by William Shakespeare, originally published I the First Folio of 1623.Although it was grouped among the comedies, some modern editors have relabeled tat play as one of Shakespeare’s late romances. The action takes place in Sicily (or Sicilia) and Bohemia. Sicily is a large island west of the toe of Italy’s boot. Bohemia was a kingdom within the boundaries of the present-day Czech Republic, between present- day Poland on the north and Austria on the south. In ancient times, a Celtic people called the Boii settled the land that became Bohemia. In The Winter’s Tale, Bohemia has a coastline along which ships arrive and debark. In real life, Bohemia was a landlocked region; it was entirely surrounded by terra firma


                   WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

William Shakespeare was born on the 26^th April 1564, his actual birth date remains unknown; he was an English poet and play writer. He was the son of John Shakespeare, a Glover and alderman and Mary Arden, the daughter of a landowning farmer. He was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. It is believed that at age four or five William Shakespeare was educated at the King’s New School a Grammar school run for benefit of sons of civil servants in Stratford. In his young years Shakespeare attended the Christian Holy Trinity church where he studied the book on common prayer and the English Bible, which is now famous for its elegant limestone cross shaped cathedral on the banks on the Avon River. At age 18, he married Anne Hathaway and they had three children: Susanna, Hamnet and Judith. 
He began a successful career in London as an actor, writer and part owner of a playing company called Lord Chamberlain’s Men later known As the King’s men.  Which was a theater troupe sponsored by a baron named Henry Carey; Shakespeare also purchased shares in the company, making him a manger and co-owner. Over the years the chamberlain men became one of the most popular theatre companies in London and a favourite of Queen Elizabeth 1.Early on Shakespeare likely attended the Elizabethan theatrical Productions of travelling theatre troupes who would go to Stratford to entertain the local official townsmen. Even if Shakespeare wrote his own work, he did not always write alone. As many as a dozen of his later plays are believed to have been collaborations with other authors including “The Two Noble Kinsman” known to be written with John Fletcher, “Timon of Athens” with Thomas Middleton and “Pericles” with George Wilkins.

Shakespeare reputation as the greatest English language writer stops from at least five dimensions of his collective work. Over some thirty-eight plays, Shakespeare addressed virtually every aspect of human experience. His plays include comedies, tragedies, histories, romances and problem plays. Although he wrote for a specific audience of a particular historical era his work has been a major influence on subsequent theatre. His work was so extra ordinary; it allowed him to transform English theatre by expanding expectations about what could be accomplished through characterization, plot, action, language and genre. His poetic artistry helped raise the status of popular theatre, permitting it to be admired by intellectuals as well as by those seeking pure entertainment. Therefore William Shakespeare can safely be regarded as the greatest writer in the English Language.

The famous Theatre; The Globe Theatre

The Globe theatre was the most popular theatre during the Elizabethan era in London. It was associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare’s playing company, the lord Chamberlain’s men and was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613. A second Globe theatre was built on the same site by June 1614 and closed 1642The Globe theatre was a huge success and as it had been built in close proximity to the Bear Garden. The plays were big, there was a lot of money made at this theatre and it was in constant demand for new material. As soon as a play had been written it was immediately published and it was then printed. Rival theater companies would send their members to attend plays to produce unauthorized copies or plays (during this time copyright didn’t exist).

                      THE THEATRE OF THE ABSURD

The term "Theatre of the Absurd" was coined by Martin Esslin in his 1962 book by that title. it refers to the work of a loosely associated group of dramatists who first emerged during and after World War 2. Esslin saw these playwrights as giving artistic expression to Albert Camus, that life is inherently meaningless. In the Theatre of the Absurd, Esslin states ' the Theatre of the Absurd has renounced arguing about the absurdity of the human conditions it merely represents that it is concrete stage images.


                                         The Elizabethan Era

Was a time associated with Queen Elizabeth 1’s reign (1558-1603) an is often considered to be the golden age in English history which was the height of the English renaissance; this allowed English poetry , music and literature to flourish. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre flourished and William Shakespeare and many others composed plays that broke England’s past style of plays and theatre. It was the age of exploration and expansion abroad while the protestant reformation became more acceptable to the people. It was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland. It was a brief periods of largely internal peace between the English Reformation and the battle between Protestants and Catholics and the battles of the parliament and the monarchy. The education during the Elizabethan era was necessary for boys to attend who attend grammar school while girls were not allowed in any place of education other than petty schools. Petty schools were for children from age 5 to 7 years old. At petty schools they learned basic manners and good behaviour.

   The fine art during in England during the Tudor and Stuart eras were dominated by foreign and imported talent under Henry VIII to Anthony van dick under Charles I. yet within this general trend, a native school of painting was developed. During the Elizabethan era, people looked forward to holidays because opportunities for leisure were limited, with time away from hard work being restricted to periods after church on Sundays. Leisure and festivities took place on a public church holy day. Every month had its own holiday such as Plough Monday, Candlemas, Valentines’ day, Ash Wednesday, Midsummer, Lammas tide, Michaelmas, St.Crispin’s Day, Accession day and the twelve days of Christmas.

    Lacking a dominant genius or a formal structure for research, the Elizabethan era saw significant scientific progress. English achievements in exploration were noteworthy in the Elizabethan era. The first attempt at English settlement of the eastern seaboard of North America occurred in this era. While Elizabethan England is not thought of as an age of technological innovation, some progress did occur.

Literary Terms- Drama

Elements of Drama

1)      Act – a major division in a play.

2)      Scene – a dramatic sequence that takes place within a single locale (or setting) on stage. Scenes often serve as a subdivision of an act with a play.

3)      Exposition – the first stage of a fictional or dramatic plot, where necessary background information is provided.

4)      Conflict- a struggle between opposing forces in a story or play, usually resolved by the end of the work.

5)      Complication- an intensification of the conflict in a story or play. Complication builds up, accumulates and develops the primary or central conflict in a literary work.

6)      Climax – the turning point of the action in the plot of a play or story. The climax represents the point of greatest tension in the work.

7)      Denouement – the resolution of the plot of a literary work.

8)      Peripeteia- the sudden reversal of fortune in a story, play or any narrative in which there is a observable change in direction.

9)      Characterization- the means by which writers present and reveal character.

10)  Protagonist - the main character of literary work.

11)  Antagonist – a character of force against which another character struggles.

12)  Main plot – the pattern of events or main story in a narrative or drama.

13)  Subplot – a subsidiary or subordinate or parallel plot in a play or story that coexist with the main plot.

Forms of Drama               

1)      Comedy – a type of drama in which the characters experience reversals of fortune, usually for the better. In comedy, things work out happily in the end.

2)      History – is a type of drama in which characters take part in, influence, or witness real historical events and interact with historical figures from the past.

3)      Tragedy- a type of drama in which the characters experience reversals of fortune, usually for the worse. In tragedy suffering and catastrophe await many of the characters, especially the hero.

4)      Romance – is the kind of drama whose aim is to present a tale or history in scenes, and whose plays are stories told in dialogue by actors on the stage.

5)      Tragi-comedy-  is fictional work that blends aspects of tragedy and comedy. It referred to a serious play with either a happy ending or enough jokes throughout the play to lighten the mood.

6)      Theatre of the absurd- is a theatrical style originations in France. It relies heavily on philosophy and is a category for plays

7)      Satire- a literary work the criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities and follies.

8)      Farce – farce is a sub0 category of comedy, characterized by greatly exaggerated characters and situations. Characters tend to be one- dimensional and often follow stereotypical behaviour. Farces typically involve mistaken identities, lots of physical comedy and outrageous plot twists.

9)      Modern drama- is the western development of drama begining in the 19th century

10)   Melodrama- melodrama is another type of exaggerated drama. As in farce, the characters tend to be simplified and one dimensional. The storyline of the classic melodrama typically involves a villain, a heroine, and a hero who must rescue the heroine from the villain.

Features of drama

1.      Monologue – a form of dramatic entertainment, comedic solo, or the like by a single speaker.

2.      Dialogue - The conversation between characters in a novel, drama etc.

3.      Soliloquy- an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself or herself or is disregardful of out oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in drama to disclose a character’s innermost thoughts).

4.      Aside- on or to one side- a part of an actor’s lines supposedly not heard by others on the stage and intended only for the audience.

5.      Set- the time, place and circumstances in which a narrative, drama, or film takes place.

6.      Stage directions – an instruction to an actor or director, written into the script of play.

7.      Chorus-a group of characters who comment on the action of a play without participation in the play.

8.      Dramatic Unities- the three unites of time, place, and action observed in classical drama .

9.      Disguise- to modify the manner or appearance of in order to prevent recognition.

Literary Devices

1.      Imagery- the formation of mental images, figures or likenesses of things, or of such images collectively.

2.      Motif- any recurring element in a story that has symbolic significance.

3.      Symbolism- the practice of representing things by symbols, or of investing things with a symbolic meaning or character.

4.      Dramatic Irony- dramatic irony is when the words and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters.

5.      Tragic irony- the use of dramatic irony in a tragedy, so that the audience is aware that a character’s words or actions will bring about a tragic or fatal result, while the character himself is not.

6.      Juxtaposition- is the placement of two things (usually abstract concepts, though it can refer to physical objects) near each other.

Literary Context

1.      Social- is the indirect and direct influence individuals are in constant communication and within involvement of by means as role player or participants; the environment of people that surrounds something’s creation or intended audience, reflects how the people around something use and interpret it, and influences how something is viewed.

2.      Historical- refers to the moods, attitudes and conditions that existed in a certain time; historical context is the political, social, cultural, and economic setting for a particular idea or event.

3.      Political- refers to the disposition of decision- makers surrounding an event or idea.

4.      Religious-is the setting of a divine background of particular scene in the play/novel.

5.      Ethnic- is the ethical background of the characters in the play

6.      Moral- is the philosophical quality of the story.

7.      Intellectual-adds educational background to the protagonist in the play

8.      Cultural- the layers of cultures that influence our communication in any given interaction; this refers to thoughts, opinions and feelings that result from experiences.